ﺿﻤﺎﺋﺮ ﺍﻻﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ
ﺿﻤﺎﺋﺮ ﺍﻻﺷﺎﺭﺓ Demonstrative Pronouns ﻳﻔﻬﻢ ﺍﻟﻘﺎﺭﻯ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻮﺍﻥ ( ﺿﻤﺎﺋﺮ ﺍﻻﺷﺎﺭﺓ ) ﺍﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻀﻤﺎﺋﺮ ﺗﺸﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﺳﻢ ﺷﺨﺺ , ﻣﻜﺎﻥ , ﺍﻭ ﺷﻲﺀ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻟﻠﻜﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺪﺍً ﺳﻮﺍﺀ .. ﻭﻛﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ - ( this ) ﺿﻤﻴﺮ ﻣﻌﻨﺎﻩ ﻫﺬﺍ , ﻫﺬﻩ ﻭﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻟﻠﻤﻔﺮﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻳﺐ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻗﻞ ﻭﺍﻟﻐﻴﺮ ﻋﺎﻗﻞ ﻣﺜﻞ ... This is my book. ﻫﺬﺍ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﻲ This is my man. ﻫﺬﺍ ﺯﻭﺟﻲ This is my wife. ﻫﺬﻩ ﺯﻭﺟﺘﻲ - ( that ) ﺿﻤﻴﺮ ﻣﻌﻨﺎﻩ ﺫﺍﻙ , ﺫﻟﻚ , ﺗﻠﻚ ﻭﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻟﻠﻤﻔﺮﺩ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻗﻞ ﻭﻏﻴﺮ ﻋﺎﻗﻞ ﻣﺜﻞ ... That is my book. ﺫﻟﻚ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﻲ That is my man. ﺫﻟﻚ ﺯﻭﺟﻲ That is my woman. ﺗﻠﻚ ﺯﻭﺟﺘﻲ - ( these ) ﻭﻫﻲ ﺻﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻊ ﻟﻀﻤﻴﺮ ﺍﻻﺷﺎﺭﺓ ( this ) ﻭﻣﻌﻨﺎﻩ ﻫﺬﻩ , ﻫﺆﻻﺀ ﻭﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻟﻠﺠﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﺮﻳﺐ ﻭﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻗﻞ ﻭﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻗﻞ These are our books. ﻫﺬﻩ ﻛُﺘﺒﻨﺎ These are our men. ﻫﺆﻻﺀ ﺭﺟﺎﻟﻨﺎ These are our women. ﻫﺆﻻﺀ ﻧﺴﺎﺋﻨﺎ - ( those ) ﻭ ﻫﻲ ﺻﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻊ ﻟﻀﻤﻴﺮ ﺍﻻﺷﺎﺭﻩ ( that ) ﻭﻣﻌﻨﺎﻩ ﺗﻠﻚ , ﺍﻭﻟﺌﻚ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻟﻠﺠﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺒﻌﻴﺪ ﻭﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻗﻞ ﻭﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻗﻞ ﻣﺜﻞ ... Those are our books. ﺗﻠﻚ ﻛﺘﺒﻨﺎ Those are our men. ﺍﻭﻟﺌﻚ ﺭﺟﺎﻟﻨﺎ Those are our women. ﺍﻭﻟﺌﻚ ﻧﺴﺎﺋﻨﺎ - ﻣﺰﻳﺪﺍً ﻣﻦ ﺍﻻﻣﺜﻠﺔ ... I want this lamp, not that lamp. These bikes are more expensive than those . Most people have computers these days. People had no computers at all in those days. ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺎﺕ ﻫﺎﻣﻪ ﺟﺪﺍُ ﻋﻦ ﺿﻤﺎﺋﺮ ﺍﻻﺷﺎﺭﺓ - ﻣﺜﻼً ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻼﺟﺎﺑﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻬﺎﺗﻒ ﻧﻘﻮﻝ ... This is John Mark. ﻫﺬﺍ ﺟﻮﻥ ﻣﺎﺭﻙ - ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺀ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺘﺎﻛﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪﺙ ﻧﻘﻮﻝ ﻣﺜﻼً ... Is that you, Sam? –Speaking ﻫﻞ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻧﺖ ﺳﺎﻡ ؟ ﻣﻦ ﻳﺘﺤﺪﺙ - ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻧﺮﻳﺪ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻭﺍﺿﺢ ﺍﻥ ﻧﺨﺘﺎﺭ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺷﺌﻴﻦ , ﻧﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ( this one ) ﺍﻭ ( that one ) ﻣﺜﻞ In a shop :- I’ll take this one. No, wait a second, I think I’d rather have that one instead. - ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻨﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ( those who ) ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻧﺮﻳﺪ ﺍﻥ ﻧﺘﻜﻠﻢ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﺎﻡ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﺜﻞ ... Those who go to England should visit Canterbury. - ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻨﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺃﻭ ﺗﻌﻮﻳﺾ ( the one , that ) ﺑﺪﻻً ﻋﻦ ﺍﻻﺳﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺮﺩﻩ ﺍﻭ ( the ones , those ) ﺑﺪﻻً ﻋﻦ ﺍﻻﺳﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻊ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻣﺜﻠﻪ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ... This camera is better than the camera we had before. ( ﺟﻤﻠﺔ ﻋﺎﺩﻳﻪ ) This camera is better than the one (that) we had before .( ﺟﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻮﻳﺾ ) ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻨﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ( that ) ﺍﻭ ( the one ) ﻟﻠﺘﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻻﺳﻢ ( the camera ) ﻛﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻝ ﺍﻋﻼﻩ . Most cars made in America are bigger than the cars made in Japan. ( ﺟﻤﻠﺔ ﻋﺎﺩﻳﻪ ) Most cars made in America are bigger than those (the ones) made in Japan. ( ﺟﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﻮﻳﺾ ) ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻨﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ( those ) ﺍﻭ ( the ones ) ﻟﻠﺘﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻻﺳﻢ ( the cars ) ﻛﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻝ ﺍﻋﻼﻩ . - ﺍﺧﻴﺮﺍً , ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﺿﻤﺎﺋﺮ ﺍﻻﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﺑﻜﺜﺮﻩ ﻣﻊ ﺗﻌﺎﺑﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺰﻣﻦ ﻭﻏﻴﺮﻫﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺎﺑﻴﺮ , ﻻﺣﻆ ﻭﻗﺲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻞ ... I saw her this morning. What are you doing this afternoon? It happened this year. That’s it. So that’s that. That will do. This won’t do. That’s what I told you. Pronounce the word like this. One of these days I’ll go and visit them. I can’t swim that for. He isn’t all that clever
ﺿﻤﺎﺋﺮ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻔﻬﺎﻡ ﺍﻻﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ
ﺿﻤﺎﺋﺮ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻔﻬﺎﻡ Interrogative Pronouns
ﻭﻫﻲ ﺿﻤﺎﺋﺮ ﺗﺄﺗﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺑﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺆﺍﻝ , ﻭﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﻔﻬﺎﻡ ﻋﻦ ﺷﺨﺺ , ﻣﻜﺎﻥ , ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ... ﺍﻟﺦ ﻭﻫﻲ ﻛﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ..
- ( who ) ﺿﻤﻴﺮ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﻬﺎﻡ , ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻟﻠﺴﺆﺍﻝ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺺ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻗﻞ , ﺑﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﻣﻦ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ..
Who is that lady? ﻣﻦ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺪﺓ ؟
Who can answer this question? ﻣﻦ ﻳﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺍﻥ ﻳﺠﻴﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺴﺆﺍﻝ ؟
Who saw you? ﻣﻦ ﺭﺍﻙ ؟
- ( whom ) ﺿﻤﻴﺮ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﻬﺎﻡ , ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻟﻠﺴﺆﺍﻝ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺺ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻗﻞ , ﺑﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﻣﻦ ﻭﺣﺎﻟﻴﺎً ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ( who ) ﺑﻜﺜﺮﻩ ﺑﺪﻻً ﻋﻨﻪ , ﻛﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ...
To whom am I speaking? ﻟﻤﻦ ﺍﻧﺎ ﺍﺗﺤﺪﺙ ؟
About whom are you talking? ﻋﻦ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻧﺖ ﺗﺘﻜﻠﻢ ؟
whom did you see? ﻣﻦ ﺍﻧﺖ ﺭﺃﻳﺖ ؟
- ( what ) ﺿﻤﻴﺮ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﻬﺎﻡ , ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻟﻠﺴﺆﺍﻝ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻻﺷﻴﺎﺀ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻻﺳﻤﺎﺀ , ﺍﻻﻧﻮﺍﻉ , ﺍﻻﺻﻨﺎﻑ , ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻢ , ﺍﻻﻟﻮﺍﻥ ﻭﺍﻻﺷﻜﺎﻝ , ﺑﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﻣﺎﺫﺍ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺎ , ﻛﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ..
What shape is the earth? ﻣﺎﺷﻜﻞ ﺍﻻﺭﺽ؟
What sort of a man is he? ﺍﻱ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﺟﺎﻝ ﻫﻮ ؟
What is your name? ﻣﺎﺍﺳﻤﻚ ؟
What happened? ﻣﺎﺫﺍ ﺣﺪﺙ ؟
What date is it today? ﻣﺎﻫﻮ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻡ ؟
What size ( colour , shape..etc) do you want? ﻣﺎﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺤﺠﻢ , ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ , ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ... ﺍﻟﺦ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﺮﻳﺪ؟
- ﻭﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ( what ) ﻓﻲ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺻﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺠﺐ , ﻛﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ...
What a beautiful morning!! ﻳﺎﻟﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺻﺒﺎﺡ ﺟﻤﻴﻞ
What a lovely day!! ﻳﺎﻟﻪ ﻣﻦ ﻳﻮﻡ ﺟﻤﻴﻞ
What wonderful eyes Mary has!! ﻣﺎﺍﺟﻤﻞ ﻋﻴﻮﻥ ﻣﺎﺭﻱ
What bad luck!! ﻳﺎﻟﻪ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻆ ﺳﻴﻰﺀ
What an unusually clever girl!! ﻳﺎﻟﻬﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻓﺘﺎﺓ ﺫﻛﻴﺔ ﺍﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ
- ( which ) ﺿﻤﻴﺮ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﻬﺎﻡ , ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻟﻼﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻻﺕ ﻣﻌﺮﻭﻓﻪ ﻭﻣﺤﺪﺩﻩ , ﺑﻤﻌﻨﻰ ( ﺍﻱ ) ﻣﺜﻞ ..
Which colour do you prefer – the red one or the blue one?
ﺍﻱ ﻟﻮﻥ ﺍﻧﺖ ﺗﻔﻀﻞ ؟ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ ﺍﻻﺣﻤﺮ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻥ ﺍﻻﺯﺭﻕ
Which is the taller, Tom or Dick? ﺍﻳﻬﻤﺎ ﺍﻃﻮﻝ ﺗﻮﻡ ﺍﻭ ﺩﻳﻚ ؟
Which dog is yours? ﺍﻱ ﻛﻠﺐ ﻫﻮ ﻛﻠﺒﻚ ؟
- ( where ) ﺿﻤﻴﺮ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﻬﺎﻡ , ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻟﻠﺴﺆﺍﻝ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻥ , ﺑﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ..
Where are you from? ﻣﻦ ﺍﻱ ﺑﻠﺪ ﺍﻧﺖ ؟
Where do you buy bread? ﻣﻦ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺗﺸﺘﺮﻱ ﺍﻟﺨﺒﺰ ؟
Where did you meet Ali? ﺍﻳﻦ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺖ ﻋﻠﻲ ؟
- ( whose ) ﺿﻤﻴﺮ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﻬﺎﻡ , ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻟﻠﺴﺆﺍﻝ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﻟﻚ , ﺑﻤﻌﻨﻰ ( ﻟﻤﻦ ) ﻛﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ...
Whose car is it? ﻟﻤﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺭﺓ؟
Whose car did you borrow? ﺳﻴﺎﺭﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻧﺖ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﺮﺕ ؟
Whose are these gloves? ﻟﻤﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻘﻔﺎﺯﺍﺕ ؟
Whose is this umbrella? ﻟﻤﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻈﻠﺔ ؟
- ﻳﺠﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻢ ﺍﻥ ﻻ ﻳﺨﻠﻂ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻟﻔﻆ ( whose ) ﻭ ( who’s ) ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﻨﻲ ( who is ) ﻛﻤﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻣﺜﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ...
Who’s he? ﻣﻦ ﻫﻮ ؟
Whose son is he? ﺍﺑﻦ ﻣﻦ ﻫﻮ ؟
ﻟﻠﻤﺰﻳﺪ ﺭﺍﺟﻊ ﺩﺭﺱ ( ﺍﻟﺴﺆﺍﻝ ﺑﺄﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﺍﺩﻭﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻔﻬﺎﻡ
خارج الموضوع تحويل الاكوادإخفاء الابتساماتإخفاء